The Naini Lake
Located at the center of Nainital is the beautiful lake called Naini. Scenic beauty is abundant and the place is especially a sight to behold at nights with the various lamps and street lighting. The lake offers various activities for the adventurous. Water sports such as boating, kayaking and even rowing (for the mild ones) are available. Here’s a fact that you must know on your next quiz about Nainital. The bridge connecting the two ends of the lake from north to south is called The Danth. The uniqueness of the place is that it is the only post office in the world to be situated on a lake bridge. Along with this also a bus station, taxi stand and a railway reservation counter on the lake bridge. There are shopping centers, marts, stores and all sorts of luxury shops laid around as well.
The Nainital Zoo
About a kilometer from the bus stand is the Govind Ballagh Pant High Altitude Zoo (long name!). The host of animals for one’s viewing range from Monkeys, Himalayan black bears to the canine family of Leopards, Siberian Tigers, Wolves and hill foxes. To list all the animals would take a while, but one should definitely not miss out on this spot in their next trip. The Zoo, however, remains closed on all Mondays and national holidays, so make sure you incorporate that into your next trip.
The Aerial Ropeway
One reason to be there would be the name itself. The Ropeway sounds like a place out of a movie. It is one of the most famous attractions of Nainital. The ropeway connects the Snow view point which is at an altitude of 2270 meters to the Nainital new flats. There are 2 trolleys to carry passengers. This is a lovely journey that’s pretty high up and takes around 15 minutes to cover. It is generally open between 10 am and 4 pm.
The Snow View
This is one of the destinations that are accessed by the ropeway which is located about 2.5 kms from the main township area. The peak is also connected by a road in case you wish to skip the ropeway (don’t!). Snow view gives one a fresh look from the top of a mountain blanketed in ice. This is a scene that is often famous for its movie shootings as well.
The Naina Peak or China Peak
Naina peak is the highest peak of the town. Located at an altitude of 2611 mts, it is also at a distance of 6 Kms from the town .From here one can view the peaks of the Himalayas and get a bird eye view of the city in whole. It is recommended to grab a pair of binoculars and view the panaromic breath taking scene. Horse riding is pretty popular here as well.
Showing posts with label Uttarakhand. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Uttarakhand. Show all posts
Sunday, November 16
Wednesday, August 6
Festival in Uttarakhand
Makar Sankranti (Ghughutia) According to the Hindu religious texts, on the day of Uttarayani, the sun enters the Zodiacal sign of 'Makar' (Capricon) from the Zodiacal sign of the Kark (Cancer), i.e. from this day onwards the sun becomes 'Uttarayan' or it starts moving to the north. It is said that from this day, which signals a change of season, the migratory birds start returning to the hills. On Makar Sankranti people give Khichadi (a mixture of pulses and rice) in charity, take ceremonial dips in holy rivers, participate in the Uttarayani fairs and celebrate the festival of Ghughutia or Kale Kauva.
Basant Panchami The festival of Basant Panchami celebrates the coming of the spring season. This festival, which also signals the end of winter, is generally celebrated during Magh (January - February). During this festival people worship the Goddess Saraswati, use yellow handkerchiefs or even yellow cloths and in a few places people put a yellow tilak on their foreheads.
Phool Dei Phool Dei is celebrated on the first day of the month of Chaitra in mid March and on this day young girls conduct most of the ceremonies. In some places this festival is celebrated throughout the month with the advent of spring.
Harela and Bhitauli On the first day of the navaratris (nine day holy period) of the month of Chaitra women fill baskets with soil and sow seven types of grains in them. The grains germinate symbolizing the future harvest. These yellow leaves, called Harela, are cut on the tenth day and people put them on their heads and behind their ears. During the month of Chaitra (March-April) brothers send presents to their sisters. These presents are called Bhitauli.
Olgia or Ghee Sankranti Olgia is celebrated on the first day of Bhado (middle of August), when the harvest is lush and green, vegetables are in abundance and the milch animals very productive. In ancient times sons-in-law and nephews would give presents to fathers-in-law and maternal uncles, respectively, in order to celebrate Olgia.
NandaDevi Rajjaat Yatra The three week long Nandadevi Rajjaat is one of the world famous festival of Uttaranchal. People from entire Garhwal-Kumaon as well as other parts of India and the world participate in Nandadevi Rajjaat Yatra. Goddess Nanda Devi is worshipped at dozens of places in Kumaon, but the region around Mt. Nanda Devi and its sanctuary, which falls in the districts of Pithoragarh, Almora and Chamoli, is the prime area related to Nanda Devi. In Chamoli Nanda Devi Rajjaat is organized once in 12 years. The jaat starts from Nauti village near Karnprayag and goes upto the heights of Roopkund and Haemkund with a four horned sheep.
Hilljatra The Hilljatra, which is being celebrated in some parts of Pithoragarh district, is essentially the festival of pastoralists and agriculturalists. In the developmental process, the aathon (eighth day of bhado) and Gawra Visarjan also became the part of Hilljatra. The festival, which basically came to the Sor valley from the Sorar (Mahakali) region of West Nepal, was first introduced in Kumaour village. The Jatra was also accepted by the people of Bajethi, another village near Pithoragarh town and with some modifications it was introduced in Kanalichhina and Askot regions as Hiran chital.
Kandali In the Chaudans region of Pithoragarh district, a flower - Kandali (Strobilenthes wallichii) - blooms once every 12 years (last in 1999) and the people celebrate Kandali festival between the months of August and October. The Chaundas Valley is remote in the Dharchula tehsil of Pithoragarh. It lies between the Kali and the Dhauli rivers. In the week long festival the local people - Shaukas or the Rangs participate with gaiety and enthusiasm in different villages of the region. Some stories are associate with this festival, which express the martial tradition of the Shaukas. In the first story, it is said that by tasting the poisonous flower of the Kandali the only son of a widow died. In the second story, this flower the symbol of famine and poverty. According to the third and most popul< story, the region was once attacked while the menfolk were away for trade. Th brave women repelled the enemy, who hid in the Kandali bushes, and the attacked the bushes and destroyed the enemy. The festival commemorates thei bravery and the women therefore destroy the plant ceremonially to remind th local people of the incident and to prevent further mishaps.
Khari Holi and Baithaki Holi The uniqueness of the Kumaoni Holi lies in its being a musical affair, whichever may be its form, be it the Baithki Holi, the Khari Holi or the Mahila Holi. The Baithki Holi and Khari Holi are unique in that the songs on which they are based have touch of melody, fun and spiritualism. These songs are essentially based on classical ragas. No wonder then the Baithki Holi is also known as Nirvan Ki Holi. The Baithki Holi begins from the premises of temples, where Holiyars (the professional singers of Holi songs) as also the people gather to sing songs to the accompaniment of classical music.
Khatarua Khatarua is essentially the special festival of pastoral- agricultural society and celebrated on the first day of the month of Ashwin in mid September, and signifies the beginning of the autumn. On this day people light bonfires, around which children dance, holding aloft colourful flags. People take special care of their animals and feed them fresh grass. Cucumbers are offered to the fire of Khatarua, which is said to destroy all evil influences. The victory of the king of Kumaon is also said to be one of the reasons for the celebration of Khatarua. Bat Savitri Ganga Dusshera or Dasar Ganga Dusshera is celebrated on the Shukla dasami of the Jyestha (May - June). The sacred Ganga is worshipped on this day and Dusshera posters (dwarpatras or dasars), which have various geometric designs on them, are put up on the doors of houses and temples. These posters, once hand written by brahmins, are now printed. On this day people bathe in the holy rivers.
Janopunyu The people of Kumaon celebrate Raksha Bandhan and J anopunyu, the day on which people change their janeu (sacred thread). On this day the famous Bagwal fair is held at Devidhura in district Pithoragarh.
Basant Panchami The festival of Basant Panchami celebrates the coming of the spring season. This festival, which also signals the end of winter, is generally celebrated during Magh (January - February). During this festival people worship the Goddess Saraswati, use yellow handkerchiefs or even yellow cloths and in a few places people put a yellow tilak on their foreheads.
Phool Dei Phool Dei is celebrated on the first day of the month of Chaitra in mid March and on this day young girls conduct most of the ceremonies. In some places this festival is celebrated throughout the month with the advent of spring.
Harela and Bhitauli On the first day of the navaratris (nine day holy period) of the month of Chaitra women fill baskets with soil and sow seven types of grains in them. The grains germinate symbolizing the future harvest. These yellow leaves, called Harela, are cut on the tenth day and people put them on their heads and behind their ears. During the month of Chaitra (March-April) brothers send presents to their sisters. These presents are called Bhitauli.
Olgia or Ghee Sankranti Olgia is celebrated on the first day of Bhado (middle of August), when the harvest is lush and green, vegetables are in abundance and the milch animals very productive. In ancient times sons-in-law and nephews would give presents to fathers-in-law and maternal uncles, respectively, in order to celebrate Olgia.
NandaDevi Rajjaat Yatra The three week long Nandadevi Rajjaat is one of the world famous festival of Uttaranchal. People from entire Garhwal-Kumaon as well as other parts of India and the world participate in Nandadevi Rajjaat Yatra. Goddess Nanda Devi is worshipped at dozens of places in Kumaon, but the region around Mt. Nanda Devi and its sanctuary, which falls in the districts of Pithoragarh, Almora and Chamoli, is the prime area related to Nanda Devi. In Chamoli Nanda Devi Rajjaat is organized once in 12 years. The jaat starts from Nauti village near Karnprayag and goes upto the heights of Roopkund and Haemkund with a four horned sheep.
Hilljatra The Hilljatra, which is being celebrated in some parts of Pithoragarh district, is essentially the festival of pastoralists and agriculturalists. In the developmental process, the aathon (eighth day of bhado) and Gawra Visarjan also became the part of Hilljatra. The festival, which basically came to the Sor valley from the Sorar (Mahakali) region of West Nepal, was first introduced in Kumaour village. The Jatra was also accepted by the people of Bajethi, another village near Pithoragarh town and with some modifications it was introduced in Kanalichhina and Askot regions as Hiran chital.
Kandali In the Chaudans region of Pithoragarh district, a flower - Kandali (Strobilenthes wallichii) - blooms once every 12 years (last in 1999) and the people celebrate Kandali festival between the months of August and October. The Chaundas Valley is remote in the Dharchula tehsil of Pithoragarh. It lies between the Kali and the Dhauli rivers. In the week long festival the local people - Shaukas or the Rangs participate with gaiety and enthusiasm in different villages of the region. Some stories are associate with this festival, which express the martial tradition of the Shaukas. In the first story, it is said that by tasting the poisonous flower of the Kandali the only son of a widow died. In the second story, this flower the symbol of famine and poverty. According to the third and most popul< story, the region was once attacked while the menfolk were away for trade. Th brave women repelled the enemy, who hid in the Kandali bushes, and the attacked the bushes and destroyed the enemy. The festival commemorates thei bravery and the women therefore destroy the plant ceremonially to remind th local people of the incident and to prevent further mishaps.
Khari Holi and Baithaki Holi The uniqueness of the Kumaoni Holi lies in its being a musical affair, whichever may be its form, be it the Baithki Holi, the Khari Holi or the Mahila Holi. The Baithki Holi and Khari Holi are unique in that the songs on which they are based have touch of melody, fun and spiritualism. These songs are essentially based on classical ragas. No wonder then the Baithki Holi is also known as Nirvan Ki Holi. The Baithki Holi begins from the premises of temples, where Holiyars (the professional singers of Holi songs) as also the people gather to sing songs to the accompaniment of classical music.
Khatarua Khatarua is essentially the special festival of pastoral- agricultural society and celebrated on the first day of the month of Ashwin in mid September, and signifies the beginning of the autumn. On this day people light bonfires, around which children dance, holding aloft colourful flags. People take special care of their animals and feed them fresh grass. Cucumbers are offered to the fire of Khatarua, which is said to destroy all evil influences. The victory of the king of Kumaon is also said to be one of the reasons for the celebration of Khatarua. Bat Savitri Ganga Dusshera or Dasar Ganga Dusshera is celebrated on the Shukla dasami of the Jyestha (May - June). The sacred Ganga is worshipped on this day and Dusshera posters (dwarpatras or dasars), which have various geometric designs on them, are put up on the doors of houses and temples. These posters, once hand written by brahmins, are now printed. On this day people bathe in the holy rivers.
Janopunyu The people of Kumaon celebrate Raksha Bandhan and J anopunyu, the day on which people change their janeu (sacred thread). On this day the famous Bagwal fair is held at Devidhura in district Pithoragarh.
History of Uttarakhand
History
The history of Uttarakhand sings the glorious past of the territory. Uttarakhand has a long history of its genesis, and evolution, that highlights the great emperors, such as the Kushanas, Kudinas, Kanishka, Samudragupta, Katuria, Palas, Chandras and Pawaras.
Talking about the history of Uttarakhand, it can be said that Uttarakhand finds reference in many holy Hindu scriptures. But the history of Uttarakhand can be best understood through the history of Garhwal and Kumaon:
Garhwal:
# The ancient history of Garhwal says that it had once been a part of the Mauryan Empire.
# The history of Garhwal began as a unified whole in the 15th century, when king Ajai Pal merged the 52 principalities of the Garhwal region.
# Garhwal remained a consolidated kingdom for about 300 years, with Srinagar as its capital.
# But during the British Period, the territories of Pauri and Dehradun went under the British domain: the two region were given to the Britishers in return of their help during the Gurkha invasion in the 19th century.
Kumaon:
* The history of Kumaon can be traced back to the Stone Age.
* Moreover, the early medieval history of Kumaon started with the Katyuri dynasty that ruled from 7th to the 11th century.
* Under the Katyuri dynasty, as the ancient history of Uttarakhand suggests, art and architecture flourished tremendously. Many new architectural buildings and designs flourished during this period.
* However, like all kingdoms that fall after a period of time, Katyuris also lost to the Chands of Pithoragarh.
* The history of Uttarakhand bears witness to the many temples that were built under the Chands of Pithoragarh.
Thus, it can be said that the history of Uttarakhand is, indeed, a record of the genesis and evolution of Uttarakhand.
Stone Age
The evidences of the people living in the Stone Age has been found in the state of Uttarakhand in India. The archaeologists opine that there were human settlements in and around the Kumaon region in Uttarakhand from a very ancient time.
The ruins have been unearthed from the various places of the Uttarakhand especially from the rock shelter at Lakhu Udyar which form the testimonials of the civilization dating back to the Stone Age. The paintings that were discovered from this region certainly belong to the Mesolithic period.
The state of Uttarakhand includes the mighty Himalayas which till date serve as the refuge to the hermits in the form of caves and rock shelters. The geologists believe that the Himalayas bear "recent" origin, but nevertheless, they house fossil remains of late Miocene, Pliocene as well as early Pleistocene fauna and to add more to it, there are remnants of the earliest hominids like the Ramapithecus. This again points towards the men of the Stone Age in Uttarakhand.
There have been no paleontological or archaeological investigations in this area. So very little is known of the prehistoric Himalayas treasure. But evidences are there which are enough to prove that the Stone Age man use to live in this part of the world.
* In Uttarakhand the chief bulk of rock art has been detected in the region near the source of the Suyal, a tributary of river Koshi ling in the Almora district. There are at least 12 sites which house paintings or pale pigment tinges on the rocks. While in the remaining sites, the art of rock is seen in the form of engravings
* arrangements of dots
* cup-marks
The chief theme of these paintings are generally the group-dances. The dancers are depicted to be in long rows holding their hands together. They often are seen in long aprons along with heavy headgears. At times you will find the men as well as women along with the goat-like animals but without any weapons.
The figures depicted in the paintings of the Stone Age of Uttarakhand are micropgraphic. They are usually painted in light red, brick red, crimson, white or blackish-green. The animals like ox, goat and fox are frequently found.
Hindu Legends
The Hindu legends in Uttarakhand have built up centering river Ganga which is the principal river in northern India. The source of Ganga lies in the Gangotri Glacier.
In the Hindu legends of Uttarakhand you will find mention of the divine origin of Ganga. As the legend goes, sage Bhagiratha, by the power of his penance could succeed in making the river to come down off her heavenly abode in order to bless the ashes of his forefathers.
The story of Bhagiratha Prayatna has been mentioned in the Hindu legends of Uttarakhand like the :
# Mahabharata’s Vana Parva
# Bal Kand of Ramayana
# Brahmanda Purana
# Padma Purana
# Bhagwat Purana
The region included in the state of Uttarakhand is often referred to as the “Devbhoomi” since it is related to so many Hindu legends and the people believe that this place is the abode of God. The mention of the Devboomi has been there in the :
* Ramanyan
* Mahabharata
* Agnipurana
* Skanda Purana
* Matsya Purana
* Brahmanda Purana
* Vishnu Purana
* Divi Purana
* Bhagvad Purana
Among the places included in the Hindu legends of Uttarakhand mention may be made of the :
* Deoprayag : here the Alaknanda river joins the Bhagirathi, the other main source of Ganga.
* Gangotri : it is seen to follow mountainsides along the Bhagirathi Valley.
* Gaumukh : the true source of the Ganga. This is a giant ice cave having an altitude of 13,500 feet.
* Badrinath: a prime pilgrimage center of the Hindus
* Deoprayag : the sangam
* Rishikesh: the ultimate point in the Himalaya just before Ganga steps down to the plains.
* Haridwar : the point where Ganga touches the plains.
Rulers
The land of Uttarakhand has witnessed the rulers from great many dynasties over a long period of historical times. The most notable of these rulers are:
# King Som Chand of the Chand dynasty from Rajasthan who founded the kingdom in the 7th century that later became Kumaon. 9th-11th century saw the Katyuri Dynasty.
# In 869-1065, Khas chieftains went against the Chand dynasty and succeeded.
# In 1065, Vir Chand gets back to Champawat and secured the lost kingdom.
# In the 12th century, Mallas of Dullu in western Nepal broke down the Katyuri kingdom.
# In 1358, King Ajay Pal of the Parmar dynasty ascended the throne of Chandpur.
# In the 1500s, Mughal rulers came here; Garhwal maintained her independence while Kumaon started paying tribute.
# In 1591, there was Battle of Gwaldam .
# In 1631, Mahipat Shah was no more. Queen mother Karnavati succeeded the throne for her young son, Prince Prithvi Pat Shah.
# In 1638, King Baz Bahadur Chand sits on the Kumaoni throne. Then the Kumaon was a tributary state of the Mughal Empire.
# In 1650, King Prithvi Pat Shah became adult and ascended the throne.
# The years of 1667-1715 marks King Fateh Shah's reign.
# 1716-72 marks the rule of Pradip Shah.
# 1780-1781 was the rule of Lalit Shah's eldest son, Jai Krit Shah.
# In 1803-04, there was the Gurkha attack.
Among the most successful rulers in the historical days of the Uttarakhand, mention should be made of those who belonged to the dynasties of Kushanas, Kudinas, Katuris, Mauryas, Chandras, Pawaras and the Pauravas.
The history of Uttarakhand sings the glorious past of the territory. Uttarakhand has a long history of its genesis, and evolution, that highlights the great emperors, such as the Kushanas, Kudinas, Kanishka, Samudragupta, Katuria, Palas, Chandras and Pawaras.
Talking about the history of Uttarakhand, it can be said that Uttarakhand finds reference in many holy Hindu scriptures. But the history of Uttarakhand can be best understood through the history of Garhwal and Kumaon:
Garhwal:
# The ancient history of Garhwal says that it had once been a part of the Mauryan Empire.
# The history of Garhwal began as a unified whole in the 15th century, when king Ajai Pal merged the 52 principalities of the Garhwal region.
# Garhwal remained a consolidated kingdom for about 300 years, with Srinagar as its capital.
# But during the British Period, the territories of Pauri and Dehradun went under the British domain: the two region were given to the Britishers in return of their help during the Gurkha invasion in the 19th century.
Kumaon:
* The history of Kumaon can be traced back to the Stone Age.
* Moreover, the early medieval history of Kumaon started with the Katyuri dynasty that ruled from 7th to the 11th century.
* Under the Katyuri dynasty, as the ancient history of Uttarakhand suggests, art and architecture flourished tremendously. Many new architectural buildings and designs flourished during this period.
* However, like all kingdoms that fall after a period of time, Katyuris also lost to the Chands of Pithoragarh.
* The history of Uttarakhand bears witness to the many temples that were built under the Chands of Pithoragarh.
Thus, it can be said that the history of Uttarakhand is, indeed, a record of the genesis and evolution of Uttarakhand.
Stone Age
The evidences of the people living in the Stone Age has been found in the state of Uttarakhand in India. The archaeologists opine that there were human settlements in and around the Kumaon region in Uttarakhand from a very ancient time.
The ruins have been unearthed from the various places of the Uttarakhand especially from the rock shelter at Lakhu Udyar which form the testimonials of the civilization dating back to the Stone Age. The paintings that were discovered from this region certainly belong to the Mesolithic period.
The state of Uttarakhand includes the mighty Himalayas which till date serve as the refuge to the hermits in the form of caves and rock shelters. The geologists believe that the Himalayas bear "recent" origin, but nevertheless, they house fossil remains of late Miocene, Pliocene as well as early Pleistocene fauna and to add more to it, there are remnants of the earliest hominids like the Ramapithecus. This again points towards the men of the Stone Age in Uttarakhand.
There have been no paleontological or archaeological investigations in this area. So very little is known of the prehistoric Himalayas treasure. But evidences are there which are enough to prove that the Stone Age man use to live in this part of the world.
* In Uttarakhand the chief bulk of rock art has been detected in the region near the source of the Suyal, a tributary of river Koshi ling in the Almora district. There are at least 12 sites which house paintings or pale pigment tinges on the rocks. While in the remaining sites, the art of rock is seen in the form of engravings
* arrangements of dots
* cup-marks
The chief theme of these paintings are generally the group-dances. The dancers are depicted to be in long rows holding their hands together. They often are seen in long aprons along with heavy headgears. At times you will find the men as well as women along with the goat-like animals but without any weapons.
The figures depicted in the paintings of the Stone Age of Uttarakhand are micropgraphic. They are usually painted in light red, brick red, crimson, white or blackish-green. The animals like ox, goat and fox are frequently found.
Hindu Legends
The Hindu legends in Uttarakhand have built up centering river Ganga which is the principal river in northern India. The source of Ganga lies in the Gangotri Glacier.
In the Hindu legends of Uttarakhand you will find mention of the divine origin of Ganga. As the legend goes, sage Bhagiratha, by the power of his penance could succeed in making the river to come down off her heavenly abode in order to bless the ashes of his forefathers.
The story of Bhagiratha Prayatna has been mentioned in the Hindu legends of Uttarakhand like the :
# Mahabharata’s Vana Parva
# Bal Kand of Ramayana
# Brahmanda Purana
# Padma Purana
# Bhagwat Purana
The region included in the state of Uttarakhand is often referred to as the “Devbhoomi” since it is related to so many Hindu legends and the people believe that this place is the abode of God. The mention of the Devboomi has been there in the :
* Ramanyan
* Mahabharata
* Agnipurana
* Skanda Purana
* Matsya Purana
* Brahmanda Purana
* Vishnu Purana
* Divi Purana
* Bhagvad Purana
Among the places included in the Hindu legends of Uttarakhand mention may be made of the :
* Deoprayag : here the Alaknanda river joins the Bhagirathi, the other main source of Ganga.
* Gangotri : it is seen to follow mountainsides along the Bhagirathi Valley.
* Gaumukh : the true source of the Ganga. This is a giant ice cave having an altitude of 13,500 feet.
* Badrinath: a prime pilgrimage center of the Hindus
* Deoprayag : the sangam
* Rishikesh: the ultimate point in the Himalaya just before Ganga steps down to the plains.
* Haridwar : the point where Ganga touches the plains.
Rulers
The land of Uttarakhand has witnessed the rulers from great many dynasties over a long period of historical times. The most notable of these rulers are:
# King Som Chand of the Chand dynasty from Rajasthan who founded the kingdom in the 7th century that later became Kumaon. 9th-11th century saw the Katyuri Dynasty.
# In 869-1065, Khas chieftains went against the Chand dynasty and succeeded.
# In 1065, Vir Chand gets back to Champawat and secured the lost kingdom.
# In the 12th century, Mallas of Dullu in western Nepal broke down the Katyuri kingdom.
# In 1358, King Ajay Pal of the Parmar dynasty ascended the throne of Chandpur.
# In the 1500s, Mughal rulers came here; Garhwal maintained her independence while Kumaon started paying tribute.
# In 1591, there was Battle of Gwaldam .
# In 1631, Mahipat Shah was no more. Queen mother Karnavati succeeded the throne for her young son, Prince Prithvi Pat Shah.
# In 1638, King Baz Bahadur Chand sits on the Kumaoni throne. Then the Kumaon was a tributary state of the Mughal Empire.
# In 1650, King Prithvi Pat Shah became adult and ascended the throne.
# The years of 1667-1715 marks King Fateh Shah's reign.
# 1716-72 marks the rule of Pradip Shah.
# 1780-1781 was the rule of Lalit Shah's eldest son, Jai Krit Shah.
# In 1803-04, there was the Gurkha attack.
Among the most successful rulers in the historical days of the Uttarakhand, mention should be made of those who belonged to the dynasties of Kushanas, Kudinas, Katuris, Mauryas, Chandras, Pawaras and the Pauravas.